TOPIK 2 Grammar
Particles
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께
(honorific) '에게'; a postpositional particle referring to the ownership or location of an object.
마다
A postpositional particle that means "everything without exception."
밖에
A postpositional particle that means "except for that" or "other than that."
에게로
A postpositional particle used to indicate that the entity it is attached to is affected by a certain act.
에게서
A postpositional particle referring to the entity from which a certain act originates.
에다가
A postpositional particle referring to a certain location.
에서부터
A postpositional particle that indicates something is the starting point of an action or event or it is the subject that causes it.
이나
A postpositional particle used to indicate something is being chosen though it is not satisfactory.
처럼
A postpositional particle used when something is similar or identical to something else in shape or level.
한테서
A postpositional particle referring to the entity from which a certain act originates.
Sentence Endings
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-네
(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when talking about something that one just learned.
-는군
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate that the speaker notices or is impressed by a newly learned fact.
-는데
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to admire something while anticipating the listener's response.
-을게
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker promises or notifies the listener that he/she will do something.
-을래
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate the speaker's intention to do something in the future, or to ask for the…
-지
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and says something that the listener thought he/she already knew.
Connectives
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-거나
A connective ending used when one of either the preceding statement or the following statement can be chosen.
-게
A connective ending used when the preceding statement is the purpose, result, method, amount, etc., of something mentioned in the following statement.
-는데
A connective ending used to talk in advance about a situation to follow.
-다가
A connective ending used when an action or state, etc., is stopped and changed to another action or state.
-으면
A connective ending used to assume an uncertain fact.
-으면서
A connective ending used when more than two actions or states happen at the same time.
Modifier Endings
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-기
An ending of a word used to make the preceding word function as a noun.
-는
An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase and implies that an event or action is happening in the…
-은
An ending of a word that makes the preceding word function as an adnominal phrase and indicates an event or action having occurred in the past.
-은
An ending of word that makes the preceding word function as an adnominal phrase and implies that an action has been completed and its state continues.
-을
An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase.
-음
An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as a noun.
Expressions
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-게 되다
An expression used to indicate that something will become the state or situation mentioned in the preceding statement.
-기 때문에
An expression used to indicate that the preceding statement is the reason or cause for the following incident.
-기로 하다
An expression used to decide or promise the performance of the act mentioned in the preceding statement.
-는 것
An expression used to enable a non-noun word to be used as a noun in a sentence or to be used in front of '이다' (be).
-는 것 같다
An expression used to indicate that the statement is a guess.
-는 동안에
An expression used to indicate the time, for which the act or state mentioned in the preceding statement lasts.
-어 보다
An expression used to indicate that one does the act mentioned in the preceding statement, as a test.
-어 있다
An expression used to indicate that the state mentioned in the preceding statement is continued.
-어 주다
An expression used to indicate that one does the act mentioned in the preceding statement for someone.
-어도 되다
An expression used to indicate that a certain act is allowed or accepted.
-은 적이 있다
An expression used to indicate that the act or state mentioned in the preceding statement existed in the past.
-은 지
An expression used to indicate that a certain time has passed since a certain act mentioned in the preceding statement is done.
-을 것
An expression used to close a sentence by giving an order or instruction.
-을 때
An expression used to indicate the duration, period, or occasion of a certain act or situation.
-을 수밖에 없다
An expression used to indicate that there is no other method or possibility other than that.
-을까 보다
An expression used to indicate that the speaker has an intention to do the act mentioned in the preceding statement.
-지 말다
An expression used to prohibit the act mentioned in the preceding statement.
Common questions
How many grammar points are there at TOPIK 2?
45 at 2급 itself — 10 particles, 6 sentence endings, 6 connectives, 6 modifier endings, 17 expressions — and 90 counting every level below it.
What grammar is on the TOPIK I exam?
TOPIK I covers levels 1 and 2, so the particles and sentence endings on this page and the one below it. Grammar is never tested on its own — it appears inside reading and listening passages.
Which 2급 grammar point should I learn first?
Work down this page in order. It is grouped by kind, and within a kind by the dictionary's own order, so the points that everything else depends on come first: -거나, -게, -게 되다.
Grammar definitions, usage notes and examples from the 국립국어원 한국어기초사전, used under CC BY-SA 2.0 KR.