TOPIK 4 Grammar
Particles
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까지
A postpositional particle referring to the end of a certain range.
마저
A postpositional particle that indicates the addition of the last remaining thing to the current state or amount.
으로서
A postpositional particle that indicates a status, position, or qualification.
으로써
A postpositional particle that indicates the material or ingredients of an object.
이나마
A postpositional particle used to accept something even though it is displeasing or is in an insufficient condition.
이든
A postpositional particle used when it does not matter which one is chosen.
이라도
A postpositional particle used to indicate that it is not the best option but the most acceptable among many options.
이란
A postpositional particle used to explain or emphasize something by specially choosing it as the topic.
이며
A postpositional particle that connects two or more similar objects that are mentioned consecutively.
이면
A postpositional particle used to list two or more things on an equal footing.
이야
A postpositional particle used to emphasize the preceding word.
치고
A postpositional particle used to indicate that the preceding statement is the same as the following statement without an exception.
커녕
A postpositional particle used to imply negation by emphasizing the preceding statement, while comparing it with the following statement.
Sentence Endings
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-게
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to guess what the following statement would be like, if the preceding statement is such,…
-고
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending usually used when answering, omitting the question that should follow and finishing the…
-나
(formal, moderately addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending referring to a question.
-는다니
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking again or admiring an unexpected fact in surprise.
-는다면서
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she heard.
-다니
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to ask again or admire an unexpected fact in surprise.
-더군
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to convey a newly learned fact from a past personal experience, and indicate that the…
-더라
(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to convey in the present a fact the speaker realized anew from the speaker's…
-어라
(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a statement as a command.
-어야지
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate the speaker's determination or will.
-을걸
(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a guess or assumption.
Connectives
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-거니와
(old-fashioned) A connective ending used to recognize the truth of the preceding statement, while indicating there is another relevant fact.
-고도
A connective ending used to express a fact or feeling, and add that there is an opposite or another characteristic in the following statement.
-고서
A connective ending used to emphasize that the preceding statement comes before the following statement, or the preceding statement caused the…
-고자
A connective ending used when the speaker has a certain purpose, intention, hope, etc.
-기에
A connective ending referring to the cause or reason of the following statement.
-는다면
A connective ending used when assuming a certain fact or situation.
-는지
A connective ending used to indicate an ambiguous reason or judgment about the following statement.
-다시피
A connective ending used to mean "as - ."
-더니
A connective ending used when a certain fact or situation happened after a fact or situation in the past.
-더라도
A connective ending used when assuming or recognizing the truth of the preceding statement, but implying that it is not related to or does not…
-던데
A connective ending used to talk in advance about a past situation that is related to the subject in order to say the following statement.
-든지
A connective ending used when choosing one out of two facts.
-듯이
A connective ending used when the following statement is almost the same to the preceding statement.
-으며
A connective ending used to list more than two actions, states, or facts.
-으므로
A connective ending used to indicate a reason or cause.
-을래야
-을수록
A connective ending used to imply that as the extent of the preceding statement becomes larger, that of the following statement also changes…
Expressions
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-고 들다
An expression used to press someone to do the preceding act.
-고 보다
An expression indicating that the action implied by the preceding word is done first and the subsequent events are thought about later.
-고 해서
An expression used to state that the content of the preceding statement is one of several reasons for doing the act mentioned in the following…
-나 싶다
An expression used to indicate that the speaker is making a subjective and uncertain guess about the preceding statement.
-는 김에
An expression used to indicate that one is doing a certain act, after the act mentioned in the preceding statement or while doing a similar behavior…
-는 대로
An expression used to indicate that something is the same as the present act or state mentioned in the preceding statement.
-는 듯
An expression used to guess that something said might be similar to the preceding state or situation.
-는 바람에
An expression used to indicate that an act or state mentioned in the preceding statement is the cause or reason for the following statement.
-는 사이에
An expression used to indicate a certain, short time in the middle of an act or situation.
-는 줄
An expression used to indicate that one either knows or does not know a certain fact or state.
-는 탓에
An expression used to indicate that the preceding statement is the reason or cause for the following negative phenomenon.
-는 통에
An expression used to indicate the situation or cause of the bad result mentioned in the following statement.
-는 한
An expression used to indicate that the preceding statement becomes the premise or condition for the act or state in the following statement.
-는다거나
An expression used to choose one of two or more confronting behaviors.
-는대
(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to indirectly tell something the speaker heard from another person.
-어 대다
An expression used to indicate that the act mentioned in the preceding statement is repeated or done seriously.
-어 버리다
An expression used to indicate that the act mentioned in the preceding statement is completely done.
-어서인지
An expression used to guess that the preceding statement is the cause or reason for the following statement.
-을 따름이다
An expression used to indicate that the state or situation mentioned in the preceding statement is the only option.
-을 모양이다
An expression used to guess that something could happen or be in a certain state in the future, considering another fact or situation.
-을 뻔하다
An expression used to indicate that the incident mentioned in the preceding statement did not happen, but that it was close.
만 같아도
An expression used to assume something by comparing it with a certain period or situation mentioned in the preceding statement.
에 따라
에 비하여
An expression used to indicate the same result in the following statement, when compared with the preceding statement.
에 의하여
으로 인하여
An expression used to indicate that the preceding statement is the cause or reason for a certain incident.
Common questions
How many grammar points are there at TOPIK 4?
67 at 4급 itself — 13 particles, 11 sentence endings, 17 connectives, 26 expressions — and 224 counting every level below it.
What grammar is on the TOPIK II exam?
TOPIK II covers levels 3 to 6, and it assumes everything from TOPIK I as read. Grammar is never tested on its own — it appears inside reading and listening passages and has to be produced in the writing section.
Which 4급 grammar point should I learn first?
Work down this page in order. It is grouped by kind, and within a kind by the dictionary's own order, so the points that everything else depends on come first: -거니와, -게, -고.
Grammar definitions, usage notes and examples from the 국립국어원 한국어기초사전, used under CC BY-SA 2.0 KR.