으로Korean particle · TOPIK 1
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One particle with 4 distinct uses in the dictionary. Each is below with its own usage rule and examples.
형태Forms
Which one you use is decided by what comes in front of it — see the usage rule under each meaning below.
A postpositional particle that indicates the direction of movement.
움직임의 방향을 나타내는 조사.
쓰임Usage
Attaches after nouns ending in a consonant other than ㄹ.
‘ㄹ’을 제외한 받침 있는 명사 뒤에 붙여 쓴다.
예문Examples
승규는 일본으로 유학을 가기로 했다.
Seunggyu decided to go study abroad in Japan.
우리는 배를 타기 위해 부산으로 출발했다.
We set off for Busan to take a boat.
기다리던 편지가 도착했다는 소식에 나는 집으로 달려갔다.
Upon hearing that the letter I had been waiting for had arrived, I ran home.
대화In conversation
이번 여름에는 어디로 놀러 갈까?
Where should we go on vacation this summer?
이번에는 바다 말고 산으로 가는 건 어때?
How about going to the mountains instead of the sea this time?
A postpositional particle that indicates the route of movement.
움직임의 경로를 나타내는 조사.
쓰임Usage
Attaches after nouns ending in a consonant other than ㄹ.
‘ㄹ’을 제외한 받침 있는 명사 뒤에 붙여 쓴다.
예문Examples
우리 일행은 중국으로 해서 백두산에 올랐다.
Our group climbed Mount Baekdu via China.
도둑은 뒷문으로 몰래 들어와서 물건을 훔쳐 간 것 같다.
It seems the thief came in through the back door and stole the things.
대화In conversation
여기 가까운 약국이 어디인가요?
Is there a pharmacy near here?
저기 보이는 건널목으로 건너가서 오른쪽으로 조금만 가시면 있어요.
Cross over at that crosswalk you see over there, then go a little to the right and you'll find one.
A postpositional particle that indicates the result of a change.
변화의 결과를 나타내는 조사.
쓰임Usage
Attaches after nouns ending in a consonant other than ㄹ.
‘ㄹ’을 제외한 받침 있는 명사 뒤에 붙여 쓴다.
예문Examples
김 대리는 다음 달 과장으로 승진한다.
Manager Kim gets promoted to department head next month.
바람의 방향이 동풍에서 남풍으로 바뀌었다.
The wind direction changed from east wind to south wind.
밤새 내리던 비가 기온이 떨어지면서 눈으로 변했다.
The rain that had been falling all night turned into snow as the temperature dropped.
대화In conversation
저기 보이는 아이가 제 아들이에요.
That child over there is my son.
어머, 귀엽던 아이가 어느덧 멋진 청년으로 자랐군요.
Oh my, the cute little boy has grown into a fine young man before we knew it.
A postpositional particle that indicates the material or ingredient of an object.
어떤 물건의 재료나 원료를 나타내는 조사.
쓰임Usage
Attaches after nouns ending in a consonant other than ㄹ.
‘ㄹ’을 제외한 받침 있는 명사 뒤에 붙여 쓴다.
예문Examples
지수는 먹다 남은 음식으로 비빔밥을 해 먹었다.
Jisu made bibimbap with the leftover food.
난 이제 네 말이라면 콩으로 메주를 쑨대도 안 믿어.
After what you've said, I wouldn't believe you even if you told me beans are used to make meju.
대화In conversation
가방이 더러워졌는데 어떻게 해야 하지?
My bag got dirty. What should I do?
이 가방은 소가죽으로 만든 거라 물로 빨면 안 돼.
This bag is made of cowhide, so you can't wash it with water.
관련 문법Related grammar
Other particles you will meet alongside this one.
자주 묻는 질문Common questions
What does 으로 mean in Korean?
으로 is a particle introduced at 1급 (TOPIK 1). A postpositional particle that indicates the direction of movement. It has 4 distinct senses, all listed on this page.
When do you use 으로?
Attaches after nouns ending in a consonant other than ㄹ. The other shape is 로 — same point, different environment.
What is the difference between 으로 and 로?
None in meaning — they are two shapes of the same particle, and which one appears is decided by the sound in front of it, not by what you want to say.
What TOPIK level is 으로?
1급 — TOPIK 1, beginner. It is one of 45 grammar points at that level.
Definition, usage note, examples and dialogue from the 국립국어원 한국어기초사전, used under CC BY-SA 2.0 KR.